Vatican Museums' accessibility practices for blind and partially sighted (BPS) visitors
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17411/jacces.v13i2.405Abstract
The Vatican Museums (also referred to as “VM”) are the repositories of one of the world’s most remarkable and varied art collections. The relative responsibilities and challenges are plenty: the many visitors pose a significant threat to the conservation of artworks, but communicating and safeguarding the works of art is even more challenging when opening the museum collections to a Blind and Partially Sighted (referred in the article as BPS) audience. The Vatican Museums’ accessibility practices, some of which aimed at providing support to the experience of visually impaired visitors, have been developed via foresight, international vision, strong partnerships, and efficient resource allocation. The present article describes the strategies adopted by the Vatican Museums involving accessibility for BPS audiences. It examines the extent of existing measures and how they align with the "best practices" necessary to grant access to facilities and valuable information. The analysis has been carried out through first-hand observations performed during the internship period the author spent at the Vatican Museums. Finally, the article examines the educational techniques involving some of the items included in the haptic itinerary offered by the Vatican Museum, with references to applied neuroscientific research in relation to tactile perception and Museum Sciences.References
Vatican Museums website. (2023). Accessibilità – Visitatori non Vedenti. Retrieved from https://m.museivaticani.va/content/museivaticani-mobile/it/organizza-visita/servizi-per-i-visitatori/accessibilita.html
Ackerley, R. 2022. C-tactile (CT) afferents: evidence of their function from microneurography studies in humans. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 43, 95-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.08.012
Agostiano, M., Baracco, L., Caprara, G., Pane, A., & Virdia E. (2009). Linee Guida per il superamento delle barriere architettoniche nei luoghi di interesse culturale. Gangemi Editore spa.
Amedi, A. (2002). Convergence of Visual and Tactile Shape Processing in the Human Lateral Occipital Complex. Cerebral Cortex, 12(11), 1202–1212. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/12.11.1202
Bahram, S. (2021, January 7). 10 Best Practices of Accessible Museum Websites. American Alliance of Museums: Alliance Blog. Retrieved from https://www.aam-us.org/2021/01/07/10-best-practices-of-accessible-museum-websites/
Bolt, D. (2005). From blindness to visual impairment: terminological typology and the Social Model of Disability. Disability & Society, 20(5), 539–552. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687590500156246
Bourne, R., Adelson, J., Flaxman, S., Briant, P. S., Taylor, H. R., Casson, R. J., Bikbov, M. M., Bottone, M., Braithwaite, T., Bron, A., Cheng, C. Y., Cicinelli, M. V., Congdon, N., Fernandes, A. G., Friedman, D. S., Furtado, J. M., George, R., Kahloun, R., Kempen, J. H., … Vos, T. (2020). Trends in Prevalence of Blindness and Distance and Near Vision Impairment Over 30 Years and Contribution to the Global Burden of Disease in 2020. Lancet Global Health 2021(9), e130–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30425-3
Candlin, F. (2008). Touch, and the Limits of the Rational Museum or Can Matter Think? The Senses and Society, 3(3), 277–292. https://doi.org/10.2752/174589308X331323
Classen, C. (2012). The Deepest Sense: A Cultural History of Touch (Studies in Sensory History) (1st ed.). University of Illinois Press. https://doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252034930.001.0001
Chatterjee, H. (2008). Touch in Museums: Policy and Practice in Object Handling. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003135616
Critchley, H. (2008). Emotional Touch: A Neuroscientific Overview. In Chatterjee, H. (2008). Touch in Museums: Policy and Practice in Object Handling (pp. 61-71). Routledge.
Deibert, E., Kraut, M., Kremen, S., & Hart, J. (1999). Neural pathways in tactile object recognition. Neurology, 52(7), 1413. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.52.7.1413
Doehne, E., & Price, C. A. (2011). Stone Conservation: An Overview of Current Research (Readings in Conservation) (Second edition). Getty Conservation Institute.
Duckett, P. S., & Pratt, R. (2001). The Researched Opinions on Research: Visually impaired people and visual impairment research. Disability & Society, 16(6), 815–835. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687590120083976
Edwards, E., Gosden, C., & Phillips, R. (2006). Sensible Objects: Colonialism, Museums and Material Culture (Wenner-Gren International Symposium Series) (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003086611
Falk, J. H., & Dierking, L. D. (2000). Learning from Museums: Visitor Experiences and the Making of Meaning (American Association for State and Local History) (First Edition (US) First Printing ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Frick, K. D., & Foster, A. (2003). The magnitude and cost of global blindness: an increasing problem that can be alleviated. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 135(4), 471–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9394(02)02110-4
Fricke, T. R., Tahhan, N., Resnikoff, S., Papas, E., Burnett, A., Ho, S. M., Naduvilath, T., & Naidoo, K. S. (2018). Global Prevalence of Presbyopia and Vision Impairment from Uncorrected Presbyopia. Ophthalmology, 125(10), 1492–1499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.04.013
Grassini, A. (2015). Per un’estetica della tattilità. Ma esistono davvero arti visive?. Armando editore.
Grassini, A., Sòcrati, A., & Trasatti, A. (2018). L’arte contemporanea e la scoperta dei valori della tattilità. Armando editore.
International Council of Museums. (2023, June 5). Museum Definition - International Council of Museums. Retrieved from https://icom.museum/en/resources/standards-guidelines/museum-definition/
Jain, D. (2014). Pilot evaluation of a path-guided indoor navigation system for visually impaired in a public museum. ASSETS '14: Proceedings of the 16th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers & accessibility, October, 273–274. https://doi.org/10.1145/2661334.2661405
James, T. W., Humphrey, G., Gati, J. S., Servos, P., Menon, R. S., & Goodale, M. A. (2002). Haptic study of three-dimensional objects activates extrastriate visual areas. Neuropsychologia, 40(10), 1706–1714. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00017-9
Jatta, B. (n.d.). Vatican Museums website: Saluto del direttore. Retrieved March 15, 2022, from https://m.museivaticani.va/content/museivaticani-mobile/it/musei-del-papa/saluto-del-direttore.html
Levent, N., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2017). The Multisensory Museum: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives on Touch, Sound, Smell, Memory, and Space. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Marroni, C. (2020, July 22). Musei Vaticani, tornano i visitatori (soprattutto giovani): Ma in un mese presenze pari a tre giorni pre-Covid. Il Sole 24 ore. Retrieved from https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/musei-vaticani-tornano-visitatori-soprattutto-giovani-ma-un-mese-presenze-pari-tre-giorni-pre-covid-ADXJWlf?refresh_ce=1
Montessori, M. (1935). Il Metodo della Pedagogia Scientifica applicato all'educazione infantile nelle Case dei Bambini, III edizione ampliata. Loescher.
Munari, B. (1985). I laboratori Tattili. Zanichelli.
Oliver, M., & Barnes, C. (2010). Disability studies, disabled people, and the struggle for inclusion. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 31(5), 547–560. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2010.500088
Panofsky, E. (1961). Il significato nelle arti. Einaudi.
Piscitelli, P., Giovagnoli, V., Carruba, M. C., Coppa, M. M., Gabelli, M., & AIDIVI – Onlus. (2010). Tiflologia per l’integrazione, 20(3). Retrieved from https://www.bibliotecaciechi.it/tiflologia_per_l_int/03-6/
Pressman, H., & Schulz, D. (2021). The Art of Access: A Practical Guide for Museum Accessibility. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Richards, V., Pritchard, A., & Morgan, N. (2010). (Re)Envisioning tourism and visual impairment. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(4), 1097–1116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2010.04.011
Rijksmuseum’s website. (2023). Tips for a quieter museum visit. Retrieved from https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/visit/accessibility/tips-for-a-quieter-museum-visit
Secchi, L. (2004). L’educazione estetica per l’integrazione. Carocci editore.
Small, J., Darcy, S., & Packer, T. (2012). The embodied tourist experiences of people with vision impairment: Management implications beyond the visual gaze. Tourism Management, 33(4), 941–950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.09.015
Tiberti, V. (2020). Il museo sensoriale. L’accessibilità culturale e l’educazione artistica ed estetica per le persone con minorazione visiva nei musei del comune di Roma. Sapienza Università Editrice.
Vallbo, A., Olausson, H., Wessberg, J., & Norrsell, U. (1993). A system of unmyelinated afferents for innocuous mechanoreception in the human skin. Brain Research, 628(1–2), 301–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(93)90968-S
Vision impairment and blindness. (2021, October 14). WHO website. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/blindness-and-visual-impairment
Watkins, R. H., Dione, M., Ackerley, R., Backlund Wasling, H., Wessberg, J., & Löken, L. S. (2021). Evidence for sparse C-tactile afferent innervation of glabrous human hand skin. Journal of Neurophysiology, 125(1), 232–237. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00587.2020
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Renato Trotta
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share or adapt the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. Use of the work for commercial purposes are not allowed.
- Authors are able to publish the journal's published version of the work in other media (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as far as they inform the Journal of Accessibility and Design for All of that fact. When publishing their work in other sources, authors must mention the name of the Journal of Accessibility and Design for All, its ISSN, the number and issue in which the article was published and a link to the main page of the Journal of Accessibility and Design for All. Optionally, they can also include a link to the article published in the Journal of Accessibility and Design for All.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website), as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.